Cells · Forces · Matter · Plants · Space · Ecosystems
The pH scale, neutralisation, indicators, and reactions of acids with metals and carbonates.
Composition of air, atmospheric layers, and the ozone layer.
Atomic structure, elements, the periodic table, and atomic number vs mass number.
Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds
How carbon moves between the atmosphere, living things, oceans, and rocks.
How cells copy themselves through mitosis and reduce their chromosome number through meiosis.
Cell structure, organelles and plant vs animal cells
Melting, freezing, evaporation and condensation
Reactants, products, balancing equations, energy changes, and types of reactions.
The heart, blood vessels, blood components, and double circulation.
Taxonomy, the five kingdoms, and the binomial naming system.
The greenhouse effect, causes of climate change, evidence, and consequences.
Elements, compounds, and mixtures — properties, formation, and separation techniques.
What density means, how to calculate it, why objects float or sink, and how to measure the density of irregular objects.
The organs of digestion, enzymes, and how nutrients are absorbed.
Day, night, seasons, moon phases, eclipses, and tides.
The layers of the Earth, tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
Food chains, habitats, adaptation, and biodiversity
Current, voltage, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits.
Glands, hormones, and how chemical messengers regulate the body over minutes, hours, and days.
Forms of energy, energy transfer, conservation of energy, and efficiency.
How biological catalysts speed up chemical reactions, the lock-and-key model, and the factors that affect enzyme activity.
Natural selection, Darwin's theory, and how organisms adapt to their environment.
Producers, consumers, predators, prey, and energy flow through ecosystems.
Types of forces, Newton's laws and motion
How genetic information is stored in DNA and passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes, genes, and the rules of inheritance.
Heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation; insulation and thermal equilibrium.
Overview of all major body systems, their organs, and how they work together.
Pathogens, physical barriers, white blood cells, antibodies, and vaccination.
Metamorphosis in insects and frogs, plant life cycles, and human development stages.
Magnetic fields, poles, induced magnetism, and electromagnetism.
Choosing materials by their physical properties
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists — structure, role, and disease.
Distance, speed, velocity, acceleration, distance-time and speed-time graphs.
Earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and their causes and effects.
The brain, spinal cord, neurons, reflex arcs, and synapses.
All three laws of motion, resultant forces, and free body diagrams.
How nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, and living things through fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
The macronutrients and micronutrients the body needs, the main food groups, and what a balanced diet looks like.
How particles move across cell membranes through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
The chemical equation, inputs, outputs, and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis, plant parts and growth
Pressure formula, atmospheric pressure, hydraulics, and pressure in liquids.
Sexual and asexual reproduction, fertilisation, and the male and female reproductive systems.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ATP, and the differences between them.
Breathing mechanics, the alveoli, gas exchange, and lung disease.
The rock cycle, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, and properties of minerals.
The six basic simple machines, how they make work easier, and how to calculate mechanical advantage.
Bones, joints and how muscles move the body
Soil composition, formation, types, and the role of soil in ecosystems.
The Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and orbital motion.
How sound travels, frequency, amplitude, pitch, loudness, and the speed of sound.
The solar system, planets and beyond
The life cycle of stars, the Milky Way, types of galaxies, and the scale of the universe.
Solid, liquid, gas and phase changes
Groups, periods, trends, metals and non-metals, and key element families.
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration, and run-off.
Wave properties, the electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, and lenses.
Difference between weather and climate, climate zones, and factors affecting climate.