Understand how the internet actually carries your data, what threatens it, how fraud targets your money, and how to judge what you are being shown.
You cannot judge a risk you cannot picture. These four cover what happens between your device and the site you asked for.
How computers connect, what packets and IP addresses are, and how a message crosses the world.
Websites, browsers, servers, and URLs — what actually happens when you visit a page.
The agreed rules that let different devices and networks understand each other, from HTTP to TCP/IP.
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and mobile data — how connections differ, and when to choose which.
The threats worth understanding rather than just fearing, and the two mechanisms doing most of the protecting.
Viruses, worms, ransomware, and trojans — how malicious software spreads, and how to defend against it.
Strong passwords, phishing, personal information, and your digital footprint — staying smart online.
The gatekeepers that decide which network traffic is allowed in and out of a device or network.
Scrambling data so only the intended recipient can read it — the maths that keeps secrets secret.
The Life Skills side of the same problem — fraud aimed at your accounts, and what you are entitled to when it goes wrong.
Common scam tactics and how to recognise and avoid them.
Protecting personal information and spotting the warning signs of misuse.
General rights and protections most buyers have, kept broad and generic.
The hardest part is no longer technical. Who made this, why, and was a machine involved?
Critically analysing news, advertising, and digital media.
What AI actually is, how machine learning differs from traditional programming, and its real limits.
Privacy, fairness, and responsibility — the questions computer science cannot answer with code alone.